{"id":2104,"date":"2026-05-11T13:43:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T06:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/?p=2104"},"modified":"2026-05-12T19:07:47","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T12:07:47","slug":"why-doesmelasmanever-fully-go","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/why-doesmelasmanever-fully-go\/","title":{"rendered":"Why DoesMelasmaNever\u00a0Fully Go?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2104\" class=\"elementor elementor-2104\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ca5434 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1ca5434\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9518056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9518056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1023\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2074\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download.png 1023w, https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download-150x49.png 150w, https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download-768x250.png 768w, https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download-18x6.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1023px) 100vw, 1023px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7392efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7392efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>You&#8217;ve tried the creams. You&#8217;ve done the lasers. You&#8217;ve been patient \u2014 and still, every summer, the patches come back. Here&#8217;s the truth: you haven&#8217;t been treating it wrong. You may simply have been treating the wrong layer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abb658a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abb658a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8220;Melasma is not just a pigment problem \u2014 it is a sign that the skin itself is aging from the inside out.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; font-family: Sarabun, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 2px; text-transform: uppercase; color: #b89a6a; font-weight: 600; text-align: center; background-color: #f9f4ee;\">\u2014 Passeron &amp; Picardo, Pigment Cell Melanoma Research, 2018<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-795d5ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"795d5ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">What Science Has Recently Uncovered<\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Leading research from Europe and Asia over the past decade has confirmed that melasma is far more than excess pigment. It is now understood as a\u00a0<strong>photoaging skin disorder<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 a condition where cumulative sun damage reshapes the skin&#8217;s structure at every layer, from the outermost epidermis down to the deep dermis.<\/p>\n<p>Skin affected by melasma shows measurable changes: increased capillaries, a disrupted skin barrier \u2014 and most critically \u2014\u00a0<strong>prematurely aged cells deep within the dermis.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76698ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76698ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>The Hidden Root in the Dermis<\/h5>\n<h6>How Melasma Really Forms<\/h6>\n<div class=\"chain\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0px;\">\n<div class=\"chain-item\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px;\">\n<div class=\"chain-line\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; width: 32px; flex-shrink: 0;\">\n<div class=\"chain-dot\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 28px; height: 28px; border-radius: 50%; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #c4715a; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 12px; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0;\">\u2600<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-connector\" style=\"margin: 3px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 2px; height: 20px; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #e8c9b8;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-text\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 16px; font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.5;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: 13px;\"><strong>Accumulated Sun Damage<\/strong><\/span>UV rays, blue-violet visible light, and pollution silently damage skin every day<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-item\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px;\">\n<div class=\"chain-line\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; width: 32px; flex-shrink: 0;\">\n<div class=\"chain-dot\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 28px; height: 28px; border-radius: 50%; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #c4715a; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 12px; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0;\">\u2460<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-connector\" style=\"margin: 3px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 2px; height: 20px; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #e8c9b8;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-text\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 16px; font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.5;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: 13px;\">F<strong>Fibroblasts Age Prematurely<\/strong><\/span>Dermal skin cells deteriorate and lose normal function \u2014 these are called Senescent Fibroblasts<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-item\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px;\">\n<div class=\"chain-line\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; width: 32px; flex-shrink: 0;\">\n<div class=\"chain-dot\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 28px; height: 28px; border-radius: 50%; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #c4715a; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 12px; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0;\">\u2461<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-connector\" style=\"margin: 3px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 2px; height: 20px; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #e8c9b8;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-text\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 16px; font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.5;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: 13px;\"><strong>They Release Pigment-Stimulating Signals<\/strong><\/span>These aged cells continuously send Growth Factors and Cytokines upward, constantly activating melanin-producing cells<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-item\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px;\">\n<div class=\"chain-line\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; width: 32px; flex-shrink: 0;\">\n<div class=\"chain-dot\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 28px; height: 28px; border-radius: 50%; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #c4715a; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 12px; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0;\">\u2462<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"chain-text\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 16px; font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.5;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: 13px;\"><strong>Melasma Returns \u2014 Again and Again<\/strong><\/span>Even after treatments fade the surface, the trigger remains underneath. The cycle repeats.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e898de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e898de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>Did You Know? Melasma Is Also Triggered By\u2026<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Blue-violet light from screens and sunlight \u2014 which ordinary sunscreen does not adequately block<\/li>\n<li>Capillaries in melasma-prone areas that release Endothelin-1, a compound that deepens pigmentation<\/li>\n<li>Sebaceous glands on the cheeks, forehead and upper lip that send additional signals to melanocytes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d0818d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d0818d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is precisely why some people find that laser treatments make their melasma\u00a0<strong>darker<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 when only the surface pigment is targeted without addressing the aged dermis beneath, senescent cells simply restimulate the pigment faster than before.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e88b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e88b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>A New Approach: Three Levels, Treated Together<\/h5>\n<p>Leading dermatologists worldwide are shifting their thinking \u2014 from treating pigment alone, to caring for the\u00a0<em>entire skin ecosystem.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"pillars\" style=\"margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 8px; color: #3b2a28; font-family: Sarabun, sans-serif; font-size: medium; background-color: #f9f4ee;\">\n<div class=\"pillar\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 14px 8px; text-align: center; background: #ffffff; border-image: none 100% \/ 1 \/ 0 stretch; border-radius: 4px; border: 0.8px solid #e8c9b8;\">\n<p><span class=\"num\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 28px; color: #c4715a; line-height: 1; display: block;\">01<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"label\" style=\"margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.35;\">Reduce Visible Pigment<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pillar\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 14px 8px; text-align: center; background: #ffffff; border-image: none 100% \/ 1 \/ 0 stretch; border-radius: 4px; border: 0.8px solid #e8c9b8;\">\n<p><span class=\"num\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 28px; color: #c4715a; line-height: 1; display: block;\">02<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"label\" style=\"margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.35;\">Calm Inflammation<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pillar\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 14px 8px; text-align: center; background: #ffffff; border-image: none 100% \/ 1 \/ 0 stretch; border-radius: 4px; border: 0.8px solid #e8c9b8;\">\n<p><span class=\"num\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 28px; color: #c4715a; line-height: 1; display: block;\">03<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"label\" style=\"margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.35;\">Restore the Dermis<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Pillar 3 is what conventional treatments have always missed \u2014 clearing the senescent cells and rebuilding a skin environment that no longer sends the signal to produce more pigment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4555d7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4555d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>Treatment at Piyawat Clinic<\/h5>\n<p>Built on the concept of\u00a0<em>&#8220;Melasma as a Skin Ecosystem Disease,&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0our physicians design programs tailored to each person&#8217;s actual level of skin deterioration.<\/p>\n<div class=\"program-grid\" style=\"margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 12px; color: #3b2a28; font-family: Sarabun, sans-serif; font-size: medium; background-color: #f9f4ee;\">\n<div class=\"program-card gentle\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div class=\"card-head\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 10px 14px; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 600; color: #ffffff; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #b89a6a;\">Mild Deterioration<\/div>\n<div class=\"card-body\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 12px 14px; background: #ffffff; border-color: currentcolor #e8c9b8 #e8c9b8; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.8px 0.8px; border-image: none 100% \/ 1 \/ 0 stretch; border-radius: 0px 0px 4px 4px;\">\n<div class=\"card-title\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.3;\">Gentle Brightening Program<\/div>\n<p class=\"card-desc\" style=\"margin: 0px; font-size: 11.5px; color: #7a6057; line-height: 1.55;\">4-step Laser protocol combined with Multivitamin Blend Treatment for deep skin nourishment<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"program-card total\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div class=\"card-head\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 10px 14px; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 600; color: #ffffff; background: none 0% 0% \/ auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box #c4715a;\">Advanced Deterioration<\/div>\n<div class=\"card-body\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 12px 14px; background: #ffffff; border-color: currentcolor #e8c9b8 #e8c9b8; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.8px 0.8px; border-image: none 100% \/ 1 \/ 0 stretch; border-radius: 0px 0px 4px 4px;\">\n<div class=\"card-title\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.3;\">Total Age-Lock Program<\/div>\n<p class=\"card-desc\" style=\"margin: 0px; font-size: 11.5px; color: #7a6057; line-height: 1.55;\">4-step Laser + Ultradeep Stem Rejuvenation + RF Ultra Lift for comprehensive dermal renewal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The right program is determined through a thorough skin assessment by our physicians, ensuring precise, safe results tailored to you.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7caa0f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7caa0f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Ready to Treat Melasma at Its Root?<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Begin with a personalised skin assessment with our specialist physicians \u2014 and build a treatment plan that truly matches your skin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/page.line.me\/piyawatclinic?openQrModal=true\">Book an Appointment at Piyawat Clinic<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You&#8217;ve tried the creams. You&#8217;ve done the lasers. You&#8217;ve been patient \u2014 and still, every summer, the patches come back. Here&#8217;s the truth: you haven&#8217;t been treating it wrong. You may simply have been treating the wrong layer. &#8220;Melasma is not just a pigment problem \u2014 it is a sign that the skin itself is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2074,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[860],"tags":[],"yst_prominent_words":[],"class_list":["post-2104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2104"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2165,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2104\/revisions\/2165"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2104"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.piyawatclinic.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=2104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}